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Beowulf

  • Genre/Type Descriptor(s)
    Translation from Old English
    Edition of Old English Text
     
    Language(s)
    English
    Latin
    Old English
  • Translator
    Conybeare, John Josias
    Textual Editor
    Conybeare, John Josias
    Compiling Editor
    Conybeare, William Daniel
  • Contained in
    Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, by John Josias Conybeare, ed. William Daniel Conybeare
    Location Details
    Pages 30-167
    City
    London
    Publisher
    Harding and Lepard
    Date
    1826
  • Relationships
    (Downstream) Excerpt(s) used in -> Beowulf, Guerber, H. A. (1896)
    (Downstream) Excerpt(s) used in -> Beowulf, Liuzza, R. M. (1999 (copyright 2000))
  • Identifying Numbers
    Fry 356; GR 278; MO2 1826. See Notes on Prior Documentation, below.
     
    Descriptive Notes

    Book is (i)-(viii) + i-xcvi + 288 pp. The Beowulf section of the book follows a long introduction on meter (i-xcvi), then presentations in Old English, Latin, and Modern English of Cædmon's Hymn, Bede's Death Song, and Widsith (1-29). After a short introduction to Beowulf (30-34), Conybeare gives a full presentation of the poem in Modern English, oscillating between verse translation (in blank verse) and condensed prose paraphrase (35-79), followed by a brief analytical comment (79-81). Next, for those passages which had been fully translated in the foregoing Modern English section, he gives the Old English text, presented in parallel columns with a Latin translation of the same passages (82-136). This is followed by a collation of the Thorkelin transcription with the original MS (137-55) and commentary notes (156-67). The remainder of the book consists of a large Appendix compiled by Conybeare's brother William Daniel Conybeare, containing materials that J. J. Conybeare had intended to include, and a list of errata on p. 287.

    Conybeare's Modern English presentation of Beowulf (a mix of blank verse translation and prose paraphrase) begins:

    List! we have learnt a tale of other years,
    Of kings and warrior Danes, a wondrous tale,
    How æthelings bore them in the brunt of war.

    Thus the poet announces what has now so entirely indeed become "a tale of other years," that little or no light can be drawn even from the copious stores of Scaldic literature for the illustration of either the personages or events which it commemorates.

    The introduction is occupied by the praises of Scefing, a chieftain of the Scylding family, (who appears to have been the founder of a kingdom in the western part of Denmark,) and of his son and successor Beowulf. The embarkation of the former on a piratical expedition is then detailed at some length. In this expedition (if I rightly understand the text) himself and his companions were taken or lost at sea.

    [title] CANTO I

    Beowulf now ascended the throne of his father, and was after a long and prosperous reign succeeded by his son Healfdene, who became the father of three sons and a daughter (Elan), given in marriage to a chieftain of the Scylfings. Of his three sons, Heorogar, Hrothgar, and Halgatil, the eldest appears to have died before himself, the second (Hrothgar) succeeded to the throne, and is represented as being at the period of the present story much advanced in years. Soon after his accession to the royal dignity he had employed himself, we are told, in the erection of a splendid palace or hall (named Heorot or Heort) for the reception and entertainment of his friends and companions in war.

    A hall of mead, such as for space and state
    The elder time ne'er boasted; there with free
    And princely hand he might dispense to all
    (Save the rude crowd and men of evil minds)
    The good he held from Heaven. That gallant work,
    Full well I wot, through many a land was known
    Of festal halls the brightest and the best.
    Hertha its name,—for so the monarch will'd
    Whose word was power; beneath that echoing roof
    His bidden guests he honour'd, dealing oft
    Bracelet and ring of the pure silver wrought,
    Fit gift for high and princely festival. (35-36)

    And ends:

    [title] CANTO XLIII, and last,

    Much of which is unfortunately obliterated, commences thus:—

    Then work'd the Gothic folk that earth-rais'd tomb
    Unwearied. High they hung the kingly helm
    And corslet bright, and blade of warrior steel:
    So had himself besought them:—in the midst
    The sorrowing chieftains placed their long-lov'd lord.
    Then on the barrow's steep they bad aspire
    The funeral flame. High roll'd the wreathed smoke,
    The winds of heav'n were hush'd till the keen fire
    Had burst the bony tenement of the breast.
    Then sad at heart they mourn'd their master's fate,
    In joyless strains, e'en as a woman mourns.
    *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *
    Then rear'd his people near the ocean flood
    An ample tower, conspicuous from afar
    To the sea-ranger. High it stood, and broad;
    Nor ceas'd for ten days space (so bad their chief)
    The beacon's fire; ten days the well fed flame
    Rose by that wall.

    They then cast into the tomb a part of the golden ornaments which they had removed from the treasury of the dragon, "which remain still in the earth (adds the poet, if I understand him rightly) as useless as they were in the custody of their former guardian." This done, they naturally occupied themselves for some time in recounting the many valiant and generous actions which had signalized the long and useful life of their monarch.

    So mourn'd the Dane, so they who wont to share
    Counsel and converse with their aged lord.
    And fondly told, how of all earthly kings
    Mildest in bearing, boldest in the fray,
    He sought and won the meed of deathless fame. (78-79)

    In the parallel presentation of Old English excerpts and their Latin translation that follows, the Old English begins:

    Hwæt we Gar-Dena
    In ʒear-daʒum
    Ðeod cyninʒa
    Ðrym ʒefrunon,
    Hu ða Æðelinʒas
    Ellen fremodon.

    [title] Canto I.

    Ðæt heal-reced
    Hatan wolde,
    Medo ærn micel,
    Men ʒewyrcean,
    Ðone yldo bearn
    Æfre ʒefrunon;
    And ðær on innan
    Eall ʒedælan
    Geonʒum and ealdum,
    Swylce him God sealde,
    Buton folc-scare
    And feorum ʒumena.
    Tha ic wide ʒefræʒn
    Weorc ʒebannan
    Maniʒre mæʒðe
    Geond ðisne middan-ʒeard.
    Folcstede frætwan
    Him on fyrste ʒelomp
    Ædre mid yldum
    Thæt hit wearð ealʒearo
    Heal-ærna mæst.
    Scop him Heort naman
    Se the his wordes ʒeweald
    Wide hæfde.
    He beotne aleh,
    Beaʒas dælde,
    Sinc æt symle.
    Sele hlifade. (82-83)

    The parallel Latin translation begins:

    Aliquid nos de Bellicorum Danorum
    In diebus antiquis
    Popularium regum
    Gloriâ accepimus,
    Quomodo tunc principes
    Virtute valuerint.

    [title] Canto I.

    Iste domum aulicam
    Jubere voluit,
    Hydromelis aulam magnam,
    Homines ædificare,
    Quam priores
    Semper celebrarunt;
    Et ibi intus
    Omnia distribuere
    Junioribus ac senioribus,
    Tanquam ipsi Deus concesserat,
    Præter populi turbam
    Et pravos (v. peregrinos) homines.
    Hoc latè intellexi
    Opus celebrari
    In multis regionibus
    Per hunc medium-orbem.
    Domicilium adornare
    Ei primum obtigit
    Facile inter homines
    Ita ut esset omnino perfecta
    Aularum maxima.
    Finxit ei "Hertha" nomen
    Qui jubendi potestatem
    Latè habuit.
    (Ibi) invitatos collocavit,
    Annulos distribuit,
    Aurum in symposio.
    Aula resonabat. (82-83; italics as in original)

    The Old English ends:

    [title] XLIII.

    Him ða ʒeʒiredan
    Geata leode
    Ad on eorðan
    Unwaclicne,
    Helm behonʒen,
    Hilde bordum,
    Beorhtum byrnum,
    Swa he bena wæs.
    Aleʒdon ða to middes
    Mærne ðeoden,
    Hæleð hiofende
    Hlaford leofne.
    Onʒunnon ða on beorʒe
    Bæl-fyra mæst
    Wiʒend weccan.
    Wud wrec astah
    Sweart of swic ðole.
       *   *   *   *
    Wind blond ʒelæʒ
    Oð ðæt he ða banhus
    Gebrocen hæfde
    Hat on hreðre.
    Hiʒum unrote
    Mod-ceare mændon
    Mondryhtnes cwælm.
    Swylce ʒiomorʒyd
    . . . . at meowle
       *   *   *   *
    Heofon rece sealʒ
    Geweorhdon ða
    Wedra leode.
    . . . seo on lide
    Se wæs hea and brad,
    Eðlidenðum
    Wide to syne.
    And becn bredon
    On tyn daʒum,
    Beadu rofis
    Becn bronda
    Be wealle beworhton.
       *   *   *   *
    Swa beʒnornodon
    Geata leode
    Hlafordes . . . re . .
    Heorð-ʒeneatas
    Cwæðon ðæt he wære
    Worold cyninʒnes
    Mannum mildust,
    And mond rærust,
    Leodum liðost,
    And leof ʒeornost. (134-36; dots and asterisks for unintelligible text as in original)

    And the parallel Latin translation ends:

    [title] XLIII

    Illi (Beowulfo) tunc erexerunt
    Gothica gens
    Tumulum in terrâ
    Strenuè,
    Galeam suspendebant,
    Bellicum clypeum,
    Splendidam loricam,
    Uti jusserat.
    Collocabant tunc in medio
    Magnum principem,
    Milites lugentes
    Dominum dilectum.
    Inceperunt tunc in tumulo
    Ignem rogi maximum
    Milites excitare.
    Ligni fumus ascendit
    Ater . . . . . . .
       *   *   *   *
    Ventus quiescebat
    Donec osseam domum
    Disruperat
    Calor in pectore.
    Mente tristes
    Animo solliciti lugebant
    Regis necem.
    Tanquam næniis
    . . . . . . mulier.
       *   *   *   *
    Altum ædificium
    Exstruebant statim
    Æolica gens.
    . . . illud ad mare
    Erat altum ac latum,
    Navigantibus
    Latè videndum.
    Et ignem ampliabant
    Per decem dies,
    Jussu principis
    Ignem pyræ
    Ad murum erigebant.
       *   *   *   *
    Ita lugebant
    Gothica gens
    Principis (interitum?) . .
    Familiares
    Dicebant, quod erat
    E mundi regibus
    Hominibus mitissimus,
    Et manu fortissimus,
    Populo facillimus,
    Et amoris cupidissimus. (134-36; dots and asterisks for unintelligible text as in original)

     
    Scholarship

    • Hugh Magennis, Translating Beowulf: Modern Versions in English Verse (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2011), 48-50.

     
    Notes on Prior Documentation

    Along with Conybeare's edited selections of Old English text and translations or paraphrases in Latin, for the Modern English renderings Fry and MO1 single out the presence of verse translations, while GR singles out "English paraphrase." For Beowulf, both are present in alternation, as described above.

    MO2 describes Conybeare's Beowulf renderings as "Passages translated first into Latin and thence into English blank verse." This order of procedure may be a logical inference from the fact that the Old English and Latin are presented in parallel, even though they are preceded in the book's contents by the Modern English verse-and-prose rendering.

     
    Authentication

    BAM.

  • Last Updated
    05/29/2023